The Complications of Dialysis

Dialysis which is for renal failure is the solute from one side of a semipermeable membrane through the membrane to the other side of the process, any natural (e.g., peritoneum) or artificial semipermeable membrane, so long as the film containing a certain pore size solutes through, then these solutes can be moved to the other side of the membrane by diffusion and convection from the side of the membrane. The human body's "poison" includes metabolites, drugs, exogenous toxins, so long as its atomic or molecular size appropriate to be able to clear out of the body by dialysis.

Hemodialysis may produce the following complications:
1. disequilibrium syndrome: the performance and penetration through after headache, fatigue, malaise, nausea, vomiting, high blood pressure, sleep disorders, severe cases may have mental disorders, epileptic seizures, coma and even death.

2. Hypotension: The most common complication of hemodialysis. Causes include effective hypovolemia, ultrafiltration too much too fast, autonomic neuropathy, reduce vasoconstriction, high blood pressure and atrial natriuretic peptide drugs impact. Manifested as dizziness, lightheadedness, pale, sweating, amaurosis, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps and even loss of consciousness.

3. hypoxemia: more common in acetate dialysis, clinical manifestations obvious, elderly patients with existing heart and lung disease or may occur hypoxia symptoms, and even induce angina and myocardial infarction.

4. arrhythmias: often caused by hypokalemia, hypokalemia mostly because repeated use of potassium or potassium-free dialysate. Hemolysis can produce hyperkalemia to induce arrhythmia, but quite rare.

5. cardiac tamponade: pericardium occurred a short time after hemodialysis and through more hemorrhagic tamponade, often on the basis of the original uremic pericarditis pericardial bleeding caused due to the application of heparin.

6. Hemolysis: Multi disorders by the dialysate and dialysis machine failure caused, if the dialysis fluid permeability, temperature, chlorine and chloramines or nitrate content is too high, the other also found in abnormal blood transfusion, disinfectant residual and the like. Patients with acute hemolysis venous blood back pain, chest tightness, palpitations, shortness of breath, irritability, may be associated with severe back pain and abdominal cramps, severe chills, chills, hypotension, arrhythmia, hemoglobinuria and even coma. Hypotonic dialysate caused by water intoxication can also occur simultaneously or cerebral edema. Small and slow hemolytic anemia showed only increase.

7. Air embolism: Because dialysis machine has perfect control measures, air embolism rarely occurs, more damage caused by operational errors or pipeline. 5ml more than once into the air embolism can cause significant symptoms, the main cause of cerebral embolism when sitting, the main cause of acute pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure supine can also occur coronary thrombosis or cerebral embolism, body and heart stirring sounds Chaweng.

8. cerebral hemorrhage: One of the main causes of death in hemodialysis patients. Mainly caused by high blood pressure and coagulation, clinical manifestations and similar non-dialysis patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, the treatment is also the same.

9. By subdural hematoma: common reasons are: head trauma, anticoagulation, excessive ultrafiltration, high blood pressure. Clinical manifestations and disequilibrium syndrome similar, but more durable. Head CT can confirm the diagnosis.


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